Genes Investigation

Genetics is the study of heredity. Heredity is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or offspring. Every child inherits genes from both of their biological parents and these genes in turn express specific traits. Some of these traits may be physical for example hair and eye color and skin color etc. On the other hand some genes may also carry the risk of certain diseases and disorders that may pass on from parents to their offspring.

Genes in the cell

The genetic information lies within the cell nucleus of each living cell in the body. The information can be considered to be retained in a book for example. Part of this book with the genetic information comes from the father while the other part comes from the mother.

Chromosomes

The genes lie within the chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of these small thread-like structures in the nucleus of their cells. 23 or half of the total 46 comes from the mother while the other 23 comes from the father.

The chromosomes contain genes just like pages of a book. Some chromosomes may carry thousands of important genes while some may carry only a few. The chromosomes, and therefore the genes, are made up of the chemical substance called DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid). The chromosomes are very long thin strands of DNA, coiled up tightly.

At one point along their length, each chromosome has a constriction, called the centromere. The centromere divides the chromosomes into two ‘arms’: a long arm and a short arm. Chromosomes are numbered from 1 to 22 and these are common for both sexes and called autosomes. There are also two chromosomes that have been given the letters X and Y and termed sex chromosomes. The X chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome.

Chemical bases

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The genes are further made up of unique codes of chemical bases comprising of A, T, C and G (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine). These chemical bases make up combinations with permutations and combinations. These are akin to the words on a page.

These chemical bases are part of the DNA. The words when stringed together act as the blueprints that tells the cells of the body when and how to grow, mature and perform various functions. With age the genes may be affected and may develop faults and damages due to environmental and endogenous toxins.

Males and females

Women have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus two copies of the X chromosome) in their body cells. They have half of this or 22 autosomes plus an X chromosome in their egg cells.

Men have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus an X and a Y chromosome) in their body cells and have half of these 22 autosomes plus an X or Y chromosome in their sperm cells.

When the egg joins with the sperm, the resultant baby has 46 chromosomes (with either an XX in a female baby or XY in a male baby).

Genes and genetics

Each gene is a piece of genetic information. All the DNA in the cell makes up for the human genome. There are about 20,000 genes located on one of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus.

To date, about 12,800 genes have been mapped to specific locations (loci) on each of the chromosomes. This database was begun as part of the Human Genome Project. The project was officially completed in April 2003 but the exact number of genes in the human genome is still unknown.

Sources

1.    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/harrypottersworld/pdf/prelesson.pdf

2.    www.genetics.edu.au/.../Genes-and-Chromosomes-FS1

3.    www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer/primer.pdf

4.    http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/Modules/BasicsPresentation.pdf

http://www.angrau.net/StudyMaterial/GPBR/GPBR111.pdf

Human heart (Reflection )

Human heart anatomy

In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray's "Anatomy of the Human Body." 

The physiology of the heart basically comes down to "structure, electricity and plumbing," Phillips told Live Science.

The human heart is about the size of a fist.
Credit: tlorna |Shutterstock

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The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health. The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the "right heart," and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the "left heart." A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart.

A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm.

The heart's outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium.  The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood.

The tricuspid valve and the mitral valve make up the atrioventricular (AV) valves, which connect the atria and the ventricles. The pulmonary semi-lunar valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta. The heartstrings, or chordae tendinae, anchor the valves to heart muscles.

The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions.

http://www.livescience.com/34655-human-heart.html

psychosomatic medicine

Stemming from Lipowski's original definition^[1] and subsequent developments,^[9,10] psychosomatic medicine may be defined as a comprehensive, interdisciplinary framework for:

• assessment of psychosocial factors affecting individual vulnerability and course and outcome of any type of disease;
• holistic consideration of patient care in clinical practice;
• integration of psychological therapies in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of medical disease (psychological medicine).

Psychosomatic medicine has recently become in the U.S. a subspecialty recognised by the American Board of Medical Specialties.^[11] This may lead to identifying psychosomatic medicine with consultation-liaison psychiatry,^[11] a subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of psychiatric morbidity in the medical patient in the form of psychiatric consultations, liaison and teaching for non-psychiatric health workers, especially in the general hospital.^[12] Consultation liaison psychiatry is clearly within the field of psychiatry; its setting is the medical or surgical clinic or ward, and its focus is the comorbid state of patients with medical disorders.^[13] Psychosomatic medicine is, by definition,^[1,9,10] multidisciplinary. It is not confined to psychiatry, but may concern any other field of medicine. Not surprisingly, in countries such as Germany and Japan, psychosomatic activities have achieved an independent status and are often closely related to internal medicine.^[14]

Up to the seventies, psychosomatic medicine was the only site of research at the interface between medicine and the behavioural sciences. In those years, however, behavioural medicine developed^[15] as an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioural and biomedical knowledge relevant to health and disease. It provided a room for an increasing number of psychologists dealing with basic laboratory research on the neural and humoral systems controlled by the brain, on visceral learning and on other aspects of behaviour, which lead to practical implications of medical significance.^[16] Its focus on unhealthful behaviour and risk factors (such as smoking and alcohol abuse) led to the development of the related discipline of health psychology.^[17]

Interestingly, the general psychosomatic approach has resulted in a number of sub-disciplines within their own areas of application: psycho oncology, psychonephrology, psychoneuroendocrinology, psychoimmunology, psychodermatololgy and others. Such sub-disciplines have developed clinical services, scientific societies and medical journals.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/726444_2

Investigation about Seas animals

It
resolves an animal sea each fish, though the phenomenon did not include her
skin on the so-called (penny), a (small circles monolith from the harsh peels
which tend them when it is prepared for cooking), has been inflicted, including
his Fills varieties (lobster), which is said to have in the Levant (prawns),
and in the Gulf countries (shrimp) or (shrimp), because her skin externally
disarm them when cooked is as a penny, as well as solve the animal sea of
​​different Osnavh, ranging from whale Sea and the end of the types of
countless marine organisms , such as oysters, starfish and snakes, lobsters,
crab, octopus and Alcalamar, although it is better and prudent mustahabb,
merely eating him fills them.



If you still are on the fish from fills viewer,inadvertent contact with the seabed and rocks, for example, did not hurt that in mind the class of fish that have fills Fish eggs continued his ornament.Eggs, meanwhile, all live in the water from his fish and sea animals, although it is better to avoid eggs that does not have them fills Deprived of sea fish, nor the beasts thereof that would be poisonous to the detriment of human beings damaging statistically him, but that he can remove the injury to treat it in a special way when cooked. As well as depriving the frequently living in the land of the animal sea, so goes the title (amphibian), such as the frog and crocodile, beaver and the like, without what is dominated by the presence in the water, it does not matter out to land a little, as is the case of cancer,marine turtles and dolphins and the like.

the Reflection of planaria

A planarian is any flatworm (phylum Platyhelminthes) of the suborder (or order) Tricladida of the class Turbellaria. Primarily free-living, planarians are characterized by a soft, broad, leaf-shaped (when elongated) body with cilia and a three-branched digestive tract (as reflected in the name Tricladida).

Planarians or triclads are widely distributed, common, and diverse. While chiefly found in freshwater ecosystems, they also can be found in marine and terrestrial environments.

The term "planarian" is most often used as a common name for any member of Tricladida, while "planaria" is the name of one genus within the family Planariidae. There are several families of planarians within Tricladida.

Planarians are common organisms for scientific research and classroom teaching. Their ability to regenerate body parts and to reproduce asexually adds to research interest in them. Carranza et al. (1998) note that planarians are probably the best known of the free-living Platyhelminthes, largely because of intensive research related to cellular regeneration, pattern formation, and Hox gene expression.

While Tricladida is best considered a suborder of the order Seriata (Carranza et al. 1998), there are taxonomies where Tricladida is placed as an order. Systematists have traditionally recognized three major groups of triclads: Paludicola (freshwater planarians), Maricola (marine planarians), and Terricola (land planarians), but some propose a fourth planarian infraorder Cavernicola (Carranza et al. 1998).

Some planarians have achieved past status as a result of being invasive species.

Characteristics

Planarians are globally distributed and common to many parts of the world, residing in freshwater ponds and rivers. They are also found residing on plants or in marine environments.

Planarians range in size from about 3 to 12 mm. The head has two eyespots (also known as ocelli) that can detect the intensity of light. The eyespots act as photoreceptors and are used to move away from light sources. The head may also have tentacles. The tail is typically pointed.

As with all flatworms, planarians have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), but lack a true coelom (body cavity).

Planarians have simple organ systems and lack respiratory and circulatory systems. They have a single-opening digestive tract with a three-branched digestive cavity, consisting of one anterior branch and two posterior branches.

Planarian on the glass of an aquarium.

The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine. The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body, often halfway or more toward the tail. Digestive enzymes secrete from the mouth to begin external digestion. The pharynx connects the mouth to the intestines. The intestines of the planarian branch throughout the body. They eat living or dead small animals that they suck with their muscular mouth. From there, the food passes through the pharynx into the intestines and digesting of the food takes place in the cells lining the intestine, which then diffuses to the rest of the body.

Planarians receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide by diffusion. The excretory system is made of many tubes with many flame cells and excretory pores on them. Flame cells remove unwanted liquids from the body by passing them through ducts that lead to excretory pores where the waste is released on the dorsal surface of the planarian.

There is a basic nervous system. At the head of the planarian there is a brain under the eyespots. From the brain, there are two nervecords, which connect at the tail. There are many transverse nerves connected to the nerve cords, which make it look like a ladder. With a ladder-like nerve system it is able to respond in a coordinated manner.

A planarian can reproduce either asexually or sexually, with sexual reproduction being most common. In asexual reproduction, the planarian anchors its tail end, then detaches its tail end from the anterior portion (the rupture line is posterior to the mouth, with each half regrowing the lost parts. In sexual reproduction, planarians are hermaphroditic, with each individual having male and female parts, both testes and ovaries. Each planarian gives and receives sperm. Eggs develop inside the body and are shed in capsules. Weeks later, the eggs hatch and grow into adults.

Planarians can also reproduce by regeneration. If a planarian is cut into two halves, lengthwise or crosswise, both halves may become two new planaria (regeneration). In one experiment, T. H. Morgan found that a piece corresponding to 1⁄ 279th of a planarian could successfully regenerate into a new worm. This size (about 10,000 cells) is typically accepted as the smallest fragment that can regrow into a new planarian.

Planarians move by beating cilia on the ventral surface, allowing it to glide along on a film of mucus. Some move by undulations of the whole body by the contractions of muscles built into the body wall.

The most frequently used planarians in high schools and first-year college laboratories are the brownish Dugesia tigrina. Other common varieties are the blackish Planaria maculata and Dugesia dorotocephala. Recently, however, the species Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as the species of choice for modern molecular biological and genomic research due to its diploid chromosomes and existence in both asexual and sexual strains. Recent genetic screens utilizing double-stranded RNA technology have uncovered 240 genes that affect regeneration Interestingly, many of these genes are found in the human genome.

Chickenpox Reflection

Chickenpox (also called varicella) is extremely infectious childhood disease that also affects adults on occasion. sometimes accompanied by a fever or other symptoms. A single attack of chickenpox almost always brings lifelong immunity against the disease, Because the symptoms of chickenpox are easily recognized and in most cases merely unpleasant rather than dangerous, treatment can almost always be carried out at home.

Chickenpox is a mild disease and common childhood where most children pick up at some point in their lives.
Cause a red rash, irritated patches can turn into fluid-filled blisters. Then peel off to form Tbakat, pales in the end.
Some children have only a few spots, but when others can cover the entire body spots. Tzarabaka often on the face, ears and scalp, under the arms, on the chest and abdomen and the arms and legs.
And the cause of chicken pox (medically known as varicella) is a virus called Alhmaga.hat zoster virus spreads quickly and easily through coughing and sneezing by an infected person.

Chickenpox is most common in children under the age of 10. In fact, chicken pox is quite common in childhood so that is 90% of adults are immune against him because they were doing before.
Children usually pick up the chickenpox infection in the winter and spring, especially between March and May.

what should be done?
To prevent the spread of infection, keep children out of preschool or school until the crust all the spots.
Chicken pox is more conductive to infection during the day 1-2 before the rash begins, and lasts until all the blisters crust (usually after 5-6 days of the onset of rash).
If you hit a child chickenpox, tried to remove him from public areas to avoid contact with people who did not become infected before, especially people at risk for serious problems, such as newborns, pregnant women and anyone who has a weakened immune system (for example, people who are undergoing treatment for cancer or taking steroid tablets).
The treatment of chicken pox

Chicken pox is a mild disease in children, but the expectation that your child feels very miserable condition and be snappier through illness.
It is likely that your child gets a fever in the first few days of the disease, at least. Spots can be incredibly irritated.
There is no specific treatment for chicken pox, but there are pharmaceutical treatments that can alleviate the symptoms, such as paracetamol to relieve fever and calamine lotion and gels chilled to relieve itching.
When most of the children, blisters crust and fall off naturally within 1-2 weeks.

When should I see a doctor?
For most children, the water pox is a mild illness improves on its own.
But it can be for some children to become sick Hakaa disease chicken pox. And they should see a doctor.
Contact your doctor immediately if your child has developed any abnormal symptoms, such as:
• If inflamed pimples on the skin
• If your child suffers from pain or difficulty breathing, chest

Comparing Encounter of Bacteria VS Virus

Bacteria: are single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms that exist in abundance in both living hosts and in all areas of the planet (e.g., soil, water). By their nature, they can be either "good" (beneficial) or "bad" (harmful) for the health of plants, humans, and other animals that come into contact with them. 



A virus: is acellular (has no cell structure) and requires a living host to survive; it causes illness in its host, which causes an immune response. Bacteria are alive, while scientists are not yet sure if viruses are living or nonliving; in general, they are considered to be nonliving.


Infections caused by harmful bacteria can almost always be cured with antibiotics. While some viruses can be vaccinated against, most, such as HIV and the viruses which cause the common cold, are incurable, even if their symptoms can be treated, meaning the living host must have a strong enough immune system to survive the infection.